The Concept of Leadership

Literature Review What is Leadership? The concept of leadership can be explained as an individual’s ability to successfully integrate the skills and capabilities of employees within a team or company into a cooperative whole that can work together.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Concept of Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such a process helps to continue and improve the current operational framework of a company (Derue, Nahrgang, Wellman Humphrey 2011). As such, the characteristics that can be considered as essential for an effective leader consist of: Being able to create cooperation and cohesion within a team Guide the respective capabilities and strengths of employees Create open lines of communication within a company Set goals and expectations in order for people to understand what is expected of them (Ali, Nisar Raza 2011; Amabile, Barsade, Mueller Staw 2005). Personalit y Traits First and foremost, it should be noted that personality traits for leaders can range from: Effective conflict management skills The ability to empathise with employees Analytical abilities to think without getting personal A variety of other similar characteristics that define good business leadership (Hyun 2012). From such a definition, it can be seen that every leader has their own specific set of personality traits with certain characteristics being more dominant than others (Levine, Muenchen Brooks 2010; Heracleous Barrett 2001). It is these dominant characteristics that shape an individual’s ability to become a successful leader since they define what they are capable of doing (Church Waclawski 1998; Coupland Brown 2004). These strengths can support success through: Enabling a person to make analytical instead of emotional choices. Gives the means to understand and empathise with employees in order to understand their strengths and limitations (Felfe Sch yns 2010). Creates an effective work environment by reducing the causes of conflict and mitigating problems as they arise (Felfe Schyns 2010; Ely Thomas 2001). Creates a mindset that takes into consideration all possible outcomes and views before making a decision (Walter Bruch 2009; Churchill 1979). Theoretical Framework for Analysis Based on the various theories of leadership that have been examined thus far, it was decided by this study that situational theory will be the primary framework of analysis that will be utilised for examination. As Verlage, Rowold Schilling (2012) explains, situation theory ascribes to the notion that type of leadership that is applied (i.e. Authoritarian, Laissez-faire, Democratic, etc.) is based on the given situation and type of company. Latham (2014) states that different companies and organisational frameworks require different leadership characteristics and methods of leading people.Advertising Looking for research paper on business ec onomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is no â€Å"one size fits all† strategy that would be effective in all possible situations and it is due to this that there exists a myriad of different leaders within a given company. One way of seeing this particular theory in action is in the vertical or horizontal leadership structures that are evident in various companies. A vertical structure of leadership is normally authoritarian in nature and focuses on task completion according to orders sent from above. This is normally seen in the case of various manufacturing firms and is needed given the recent focus on efficiency in operations through Six Sigma. Examples of companies with this sort of structure are Foxconn, Sony, and even Wal-mart. On the other hand, horizontal organisational structures ascribe to a more democratic leadership model and are normally seen in companies that place a considerable emphasis on creativity and innovation. Some companies that implement this type of structure are: Blizzard Entertainment, Valve, and Google (Latham 2014). Based on what has been presented so far, it can be seen that under the situational theory of leadership, the type of industry that a company finds itself in greatly influences the leadership styles that will be implemented within the company. Methodology Research Methods Based on the needs of this report which entailed an examination of a trading company in the central part of Russia, it was deemed that a qualitative based approach would be the most effective means of acquiring the necessary information. Qualitative research can be described as a type of exploratory research that tries to explain the aspects of a scenario through an in-depth method of examination (Shah Corley 2006). While it is applicable to numerous disciplines, it is normally applied to instances which attempt to explain human behaviour and the varying factors that influence and gove rn such behaviours (Shah Corley 2006). Research Design In order to create a feasible method of examining the leadership quality of the various managers that would be examined, it was determined that a survey based method of examination that utilises questionnaires would be the most effective method in getting the necessary data.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Concept of Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was done since a survey based qualitative study works through a sampling technique wherein a small segment of the population is utilised in order for a statistical inference to be made on the population as a whole. Data Gathering Technique A questionnaire technique is used when the researcher is principally interested in descriptive, explanatory or exploratory appraisal. The justification for choosing a questionnaire based approach for this study is grounded on the fact that the part icipant will have the ability to respond to the researcher’s questions more directly and thus provide more information. An analysis of related literature will be used to compare the study findings with research on various strategies utilised by the industry being examined. Participants The research participants that will be used in this paper will consist of 30 to 40 employees (managers and other high level employees) that will be recruited in a medium sized company within Russia. Data Analysis The primary method of data analysis in this study involves an individual review. The individual review will primarily be the researcher examining the collected response data from the managers that were interviewed and comparing it to the data obtained from the literature review.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis The data shows that different types of leadership styles were being implemented within the company with varying levels of success. Each leadership style ranging from democratic to an authoritarian style was entirely based on the situation that the manager or the executive found themselves in. The data is thus in support of the situational theory of leadership that was mentioned in the literature review section of the study which stated that the type of leadership utilized is often influenced by the situation and type of environment that a leader finds himself in. The implications of the data in this particular case show that leaders adjust their leadership styles based on how they want to control their employees and how they want to be perceived. The data showed that perception and control were often the deciding factors behind the type of leadership style chosen and, as such, can be considered as necessary factors when it comes to evaluating the effectiveness of different leadership styles in varying industries or departments. Reference List Amabile, T, Barsade, S, Mueller, J, Staw, B 2005, ‘Affect and Creativity at Work’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 367-403 Ali, Z, Nisar, N, Raza, A 2011, ‘Impact of Personality Traits on Leadership Styles of Secondary School Teachers’, Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 610-617 Church, A, Waclawski, J 1998, ‘The relationship between individual personality orientation and executive leadership behaviour’, Journal Of Occupational Organisational Psychology, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 99-125 Churchill Jr., GA 1979, ‘A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs’, Journal Of Marketing Research (JMR), vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 64-73 Coupland, C, Brown, A 2004, ‘Constructing Organisational Identities on the Web: A Case Study of Royal Dutch/Shell’, Journal Of Management Studie s, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1325-1347 Derue, D, Nahrgang, J, Wellman, N, Humphrey, S 2011, ‘Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: an integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity’, Personnel Psychology, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 7-52 Ely, R, Thomas, D 2001, ‘Cultural Diversity at Work: The Effects of Diversity Perspectives on Work Group Processes and Outcomes’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 229-273 Felfe, J, Schyns, B 2010, ‘Followers’ Personality and the Perception of Transformational Leadership: Further Evidence for the Similarity Hypothesis’, British Journal Of Management, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 393-410 Heracleous, L, Barrett, M 2001, ‘Organisational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of information technology implementation’, Academy Of Management Journal, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 755-778 Hyun, J 2012, ‘Leadership principles for capitalizing on culturally diverse teams: The bamboo ceiling revisited’, Leader To Leader, 2012, vol. 64, pp. 14-19 Latham, JR 2014, ‘Leadership for Quality and Innovation: Challenges, Theories, and a Framework for Future Research’, Quality Management Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 11-15 Levine, K, Muenchen, R, Brooks, A 2010, ‘Measuring Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: Why isn’t Charisma Measured?’, Communication Monographs, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 576-591 Shah, S, Corley, K 2006, ‘Building Better Theory by Bridging the Quantitative–Qualitative Divide’, Journal Of Management Studies, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1821-1835 Verlage, H, Rowold, J, Schilling, J 2012, ‘Through Different Perspectives on Leadership: Comparing the Full Range Leadership Theory to Implicit Leadership Theories’, E Journal Of Organisational Learning Leadership, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-91 Walter, F, Bruch, H 2009, ‘An Affective Events Model of Charismatic Leadership Behavior: A Review, Theoretical Integration, and Research Agenda’, Journal Of Management, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1428-1452 This research paper on The Concept of Leadership was written and submitted by user Madilynn Andrews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ivan IV and Absolutism essays

Ivan IV and Absolutism essays Ivan IV (the Terrible) ascended the throne at the age of three and ruled for just over half a century. Being the first to crown himself tsar, Ivan sought to extinguish the opposing power of the boyars. Ivan's struggle with the boyars was first addressed in a relatively mild manner but then became violent and fiendish during the second half of his reign. Ivan IV's system of government has lead many critics to label him as the " first ideologist of Russia." In consolidating the institutions of Muscovite absolutism, he not only broke traditions established by his ancestors, but also repudiated every tenant of the Orthodox Church. Ivan IV, like his predecessors, sought to facilitate the rise of a peculiar social institution consisting of service gentry. Unlike the hated boyars and their votchina, service gentry and their pomestie provided the tsar with a loyal service class that served as a dependent power base for absolute authority. It was during the reign of Ivan III that "pomestie" was first used to define lands confiscated from old boyars and appanage princes in the name of the grand prince. This land, in turn, was handed over as a fief, or pomestie, along with service obligations. Votchiny were hereditary lands, which were considered private property, unlike pomestie, which were considered personal property of the grand prince or tsar. By the reign of Ivan IV, pomestie had become the most prominent form of land ownership. This only pertained to periphery areas, where the most recent expansion of the Muscovite state had occurred. The core of the state was still controlled by votchina owning boya rs. By the time of Ivan IV votchina could not be held without rendering service to the tsar. Although the boyars, who were centered in Muscovy, could not hold votchina without rendering service, they retained some ancient rights of independence, such as the rights to judge and collect taxes. Ivan IV viewed such rights as ...

Introduction to Behavioral Economics

Introduction to Behavioral Economics Behavioral economics is, in a way, at the intersection of economics and psychology. In fact, the behavioral in behavioral economics can be thought of as the analog of the behavioral in behavioral psychology.   On one hand, traditional economic theory assumes that people are perfectly rational, patient, computationally proficient little economic robots that know objectively what makes them happy and make choices that maximize this happiness. (Even if traditional economists acknowledge that people aren’t perfect utility-maximizers, they usually argue that the deviations are random rather than showing evidence of consistent biases.) How Behavioral Economics Differs From Traditional Economic Theory Behavioral economists, on the other hand, know better. They aim to develop models which account for the facts that people procrastinate, are impatient, aren’t always good decision-makers when decisions are hard (and sometimes even avoid making decisions altogether), go out of their way to avoid what feels like a loss, care about things like fairness in addition to economic gain, are subject to psychological biases which make them interpret information in biased ways, and so on. These deviations from traditional theory are necessary if economists are to understand empirically how people make decisions about what to consume, how much to save, how hard to work, how much schooling to get, etc. Furthermore, if economists understand the biases that people exhibit that lower their objective happiness, they can put on a bit of a prescriptive, or normative, hat in either a policy or a general life advice sense. The History of Behavioral Economics Technically speaking, behavioral economics was first acknowledged by Adam Smith back in the eighteenth century, when he noted that human psychology is imperfect and that these imperfections could have an impact on economic decisions. This idea was mostly forgotten, however, until the Great Depression, when economists such as Irving Fisher and Vilfredo Pareto started thinking about the human factor in economic decision-making as a potential explanation for the stock market crash of 1929 and the events that transpired after. Economist Herbert Simon officially took up the behavioral economics cause in 1955 when he coined the term bounded rationality as a way to acknowledge that humans dont possess infinite decision-making capabilities. Unfortunately, Simons ideas werent initially given a lot of attention (though Simon did win a Nobel Prize in 1978) until a couple of decades later. Behavioral economics as a significant field of economic research is often thought to have started with the work of psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. In 1979, Kahneman and Tversky published a paper entitled Prospect Theory that offers a framework for how people frame economic outcomes as gains and losses and how this framing affects peoples economic decisions and choices. Prospect theory, or the idea that people dislike losses more than they like equivalent gains, is still one of the main pillars of behavioral economics, and it is consistent with a number of observed biases that traditional models of utility and risk aversion cannot explain. Behavioral economics has come a long way since the initial work of Kahneman and Tversky- the first conference on behavioral economics was held at the University of Chicago in 1986, David Laibson became the first official behavioral economics professor in 1994, and the Quarterly Journal of Economics devoted an entire issue to behavioral economics in 1999. That said, behavioral economics is still a very new field, so there is a lot more left to learn.

Target Market and Competitive Analysis Research Paper

Target Market and Competitive Analysis - Research Paper Example The majority of clients, approximately 60 percent, will consist of those with strong family values, with respect for traditionalism in politics and socialization, with a recognized propensity for brand loyalty. Under the VALS 2 psychographic model, the largest target market will be the Believers, those who are conservative and conventional individuals valuing predictable and trusted brands (Boone and Kurtz 217). The secondary target market will be characterized with each expansion opportunity by age demographics, population density in certain urban versus rural regions, and income demographics. In some key regions that have the most profitability opportunities, preliminary qualitative market research to identify key characteristics and market needs will be conducted. potential of higher resource buyers (e.g. the Believer markets). Behavioral characteristics for these markets will be considerably important for the creation of promotional materials to have impact on attitude and brand personality. The high volume of stresses and anxiety for the children of older adults can bring much more visibility to the business if these relationship development opportunities are included in targeted advertising. Because the goal of Off 2 Gran Grans is to establish a brand with dedication, credibility, trust and consistency, the reliability and conventionalism of the business can create emotional, social and psychological connections with the most opportunistic markets. There are very low franchising requirements associated with this type of business model, with initial investments between only $58,000 and $95,000 and liquid investor assets of only $39,000 (Entrepreneur.com 1). The expansion opportunities for Off 2 Gran Grans will provide additional support for achieving more market presence and producing consistent, streamlined promotional materials in widely-dispersed markets across the

Care Plan of Heart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Care Plan of Heart - Essay Example The early detection of ACM is essential in the growth of an administration plan for the condition; which can easily result in sudden death of the infected individual. In diagnosing the Norma, a negative and positive impedance plethysmography should be conducted. Radiographic and venography scanning can also be conducted to ascertain the level of intraluminal filling defects in the veins. Angiographic detection should also be used to assess the impact and severity of the 3+ pitting edema identified in both legs. This will enable the physician to decide on the most appropriate treatment (Rubboli et al., 2010). In intervening the scenario and averting mortalities, primary prophylaxis with mechanical methods and/or pharmacologic agents should be used in Norma to avert the risks. It, however, requires the acceptance by healthcare givers for the purpose of reimbursement. Coronary Revascularization, particularly percutaneous revascularization, should be used to restore the flow of blood rather than only depending on the prescribed drugs (Rubboli et al., 2010). This will be an effective measure in helping Norma regain normalcy. Assessment of any prior medication that Norma might be taking in relation to the condition also becomes necessary. This would be important because many individuals commonly utilise different medication or other interventions in seeking to prevent persistence of a condition. While doctors might prescribe some medicine, others commonly purchase over-the-counter medicine. The patients might also apply other therapeutic interventions that have not been prescribed by doctors. All the assessments performed upon the patient should be recorded for reference. Norma should be informed on ways of providing self-care upon the onset of the symptoms described. Norma should be told of the different types of atrial fibrillation: permanent, persistent and paroxysmal. This knowledge would help Norma to participate in decision making regarding management of

Free

Free Time Essay There are lots of pleasure grounds all over the world. I think everywhere there are pubs, discoes, clubs, etc. We go out with my friends especially to pubs where we can chat, listen to music, dance and eat something. But the garden parties are more friendlier and cheaper. We usually organize barbecues with children, this time they can play and run in the garden. I usually go to a wellness-weekend with my husband once a year in winter because we work a lot all of the year. There are some well-known spas in Hungary, for example, Hà ©và ­z and Hajdà ºszoboszlà ³, and many people, including foreigners, go there. A hobby is an activity that you like doing and do quite often. Hobbies are a form of recreation. If you have a hobby, it’s easier to regain energy after a hard day’s work. Depending on the type of the hobby, you can also make friends. Unfortunately many Hungarians spend their free time at home watching TV. But there are some who do some physical activities regularly, like swimming, aerobics or hiking. Nowadays many young people spend much of their time playing computer games either at home or in internet cafes. I think men and women usually have different kinds of hobbies, for example, very few women go fishing and they are not so interested in extreme sports, either. On the other hand, men generally aren’t interested in needlework or pottery. In my opinion both men and women do gardening but they tend to do different jobs in the garden. Women like dealing with flowers, they weed the flowerbeds, plant new varieties and they design the whole garden. Men usually prune the trees, trim the hedges and mow the lawn. Collecting stamps, coins, autographs, phone cards, beer mats or napkins, model building, doing needlework or woodwork, pottery, basketry, playing an instrument and dancing are indoor hobbies, while hiking, mountaineering, caving, sailing, fishing, canoeing and bird-watching are outdoor hobbies. My sister’s hobbies are collecting phone cards and diary writing. I like reading about feng-shui and I like to be an Avon consultant. I used to play handball for years, nowadays I only watch handball games on TV. As far as I know, the English like playing golf and cricket, and there are quite a few soccer fans among them. They often mow the lawn and wash their cars at weekends, while some British people go to horse races to bet or just to watch the race. Some Americans go to baseball and basketball games regularly to support their teams. But there are others who prefer staying at home and watching these games on TV while eating snacks. I think Hungarian people collect the same things that people like collecting all over the world, mostly stamps and coins. If we considered a sport that many people pursue popular, the most popular sport in Hungary are football, handball, hiking and aerobics. If a popular sport means a sport that many people watch, besides football and handball, the most popular sports are Formula 1 racing, water polo and boxing.

Abuse in Government Care Essay example -- Childcare Foster Adoption Ab

Abuse in Government Care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is unfortunate that in our society some children grow up without the opportunity of having a loving family to raise them. More unimaginable is children growing up with parents or family members that are abusive. Children raised in abusive environments that are reported to social services and removed from their home are placed into foster care. Foster care is defined supervised care for delinquent or neglected children usually in an institution or substitute home set up by the government. Some advocates claim that the government child care system is adequate, but others like David Van Biema of Time Magazine state that, â€Å"foster care is intended to protect children from neglect and abuse at the hands of parents and other family members, yet all too often it becomes an equally cruel form of neglect and abuse by the state (Biema).† There is substantial research that looks deeper into the foster care system. It reveals that abuse in foster care is a big e nough problem that it needs to be addressed, but what changes can or should be made?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government statistics, newspaper articles, and thorough research projects have been completed to answer the question, â€Å"is there a problem in the foster care system?† The results have revealed that a serious problem exist within foster care in the United States. At any given time there are approximately 542,000 children in the foster care system (Dept of Health). This number continues to rise each year. In 2001, 290,000 children entered into foster care, while only 263,000 children left the system (Dept of Health). Of the 263,000 children that left foster care in the year 2001, 31% were in care for over two years (Dept of Health). Nineteen percent of those children were in foster care for one to two years (Dept of Health). Two years is an unacceptable amount of time when taken into consideration that between the ages of 8 and ten are critical developmental years in a child’s life. The average age of the a child leaving the foster care system in 2 001 was 10.2 years old (Dept of Health). The amount of children per foster home at any given time is another problem. The average number of children per home in the foster care system is 3.7, which is up from 1.4 in 1983. Although 3.7 children is an average per home, there are claims that tens of thousands of homes have 5 – 8 children at once (C... ... we can ask for is that they come out alive (Thoma 8).† Work Cited: Biema, David Van. â€Å"The Storm Over Orphanages.† Time Magazine, p. 144   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Dec. 1994. Cohen, Deborah L. â€Å"Foster-Care Reforms Often Ignore Problems Children Face in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  School.† Education Weekly 15 June 1991. Maier, Timothy W. â€Å"Suffer the Children.† Insight on the News 24 Nov. 1997: Pg. 11. Ohio Department of Job and Family Services. â€Å"Public records and confidentiality laws.† Jan. 2004 http://emanuals.odjfs.state.oh.us/emanuals/legal/pubrec/@Generic__BookTextVie w/3;cs=default;ts=default;pt=23. Ritchotte, William. â€Å"Foster Care Reform.† Adoption.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://library.adoption.com/Advocacy/Foster-Care-Reform/article/5053/1.html. Thoma, Rick. â€Å"How Widwspread a Problem? A Critical Look at the Foster Care System† Liftingtheveil.org 24 June 2003 http://www.liftingtheveil.org/foster04.htm. Thoma, Rick. â€Å"A Critical Look at the Foster Care System: How Safe the Service?† Liftingtheveil.org 15 Nov. 2002 http://www.liftingtheveil.org/foster03.htm. U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services. â€Å"Foster Care National Statistics.† 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://nccanch.acf.hhs.gov/pubs/factsheets/foster.cfm.